Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer. It starts in your bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside bones. This is where your body makes blood cells, including a certain type called plasma cells. These cells can grow out of control and crowd out the normal, healthy ones in your bone marrow. When they build up, they form a tumor. The name “multiple myeloma” means there is more than one tumor.
Causes
Scientists aren't sure what causes multiple myeloma. It might be linked to changes in DNA. But they do know that some people have a higher chance of getting the disease than others. Things that make your risk go up include:
- Age: Most people with multiple myeloma are 45 or older. More than half are 65 or older.
- Race: The disease is nearly twice as common in African American people.
- Being male: It's slightly more common in men.
- Being overweight
- Heredity: Other people in your family have had multiple myeloma.
- History: You've had another plasma cell disease.
Symptoms
In the early stages of multiple myeloma, you might not have symptoms, or they might be very mild. Everyone who has the disease will feel different effects. In general, symptoms of multiple myeloma include:
- Pain in your bones, especially in your back, ribs, and skull
- Weakness
- Fatigue
- Feeling very thirsty
- Getting infections and fevers often
- Changes in how often you need to pee
- Restlessness
- Confusion
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Numbness, especially in your legs
Multiple myeloma can affect your body in different ways.
Bones: The disease can make your bones weak and easy to break.
Blood: Because your bone marrow makes blood, multiple myeloma can affect how many healthy blood cells you have.
- Too few red blood cells (called anemia) can make you feel weak, short of breath, or dizzy.
- Too few white blood cells (called leukopenia) can make it easy to get infections like pneumonia. It can take longer to recover from them, too.
- Having too few platelets (called thrombocytopenia) makes it harder for wounds to heal. Even minor cuts can bleed too much.
Multiple myeloma can lead to too much calcium in your blood. This can give you belly pain and make you:
- Thirsty
- Pee a lot
- Dehydrated
- Constipated
- Not feel like eating
- Weak
- Sleepy
- Confused
- Go into a coma (if your problem is severe)
Kidneys: Multiple myeloma and high levels of calcium can hurt your kidneys and make it harder for them to filter your blood. Your body might not be able to get rid of extra salt, fluid, and waste. This can make you:
- Weak
- Short of breath
- Itchy
- Have swelling in your legs
Diagnosis
To diagnose multiple myeloma, your doctor will do a combination of tests.
Blood tests
- Complete blood count
- Chemistry profile
- Beta2 microglobulin
- Antibody/immunoglobulin levels and types
- Serum protein electrophoresis
- Immunofixation electrophoresis
- Serum free light chain assay
Urine tests
- Urinalysis
- Urine protein level
- Urine protein electrophoresis
Bone and bone marrow tests
- Imaging studies
- Bone marrow biopsy or aspiration
- Karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
Stages of Multiple Myeloma
When your doctor diagnoses multiple myeloma, they'll try to give you an idea of how much the cancer has grown or spread in your body. This is called the stage of your disease.
Doctors can tell what stage the multiple myeloma is in by looking at X-rays of your bones and testing your blood, pee, and bone marrow.
Your stage might be:
Smoldering myeloma: This is very early in the disease, when there are no symptoms or problems. The blood and kidneys are normal, and there is no bone damage. People who have smoldering myeloma often do not need treatment right away.
Stage I: There aren't that many myeloma cells in the body. Doctors can't see any bone damage on X-rays, or the cancer has damaged only one area of bone. The amount of calcium in the blood is normal. Other blood tests may be only slightly off-balance.
Stage II: This is the middle ground between stage I and stage III. There are more myeloma cells in the body than in stage I.
Stage III: There are many myeloma cells, and the cancer has destroyed three or more areas of bone. Blood calcium is high, and other blood tests are abnormal.
Treatment
Treatments for multiple myeloma include:
Immunomodulatory drugs: These drugs are the workhorses of multiple myeloma treatment. They work on your immune system. Some turn on certain immune cells, and others stop the signals that tell cancer cells to grow so they kill myeloma cells.
Proteasome inhibitors: Proteasomes are protein complexes that help cells -- including cancer cells -- get rid of old proteins so they can be replaced by newer versions. Proteasome inhibitors prevent cancer cells from doing this. As old proteins pile up, the cancer cells die.
Steroids: These drugs are used at all stages of the disease. High doses can kill multiple myeloma cells. They're also used to ease symptoms like pain and pressure by stopping white blood cells from racing to affected areas. And they can help with side effects of chemotherapy, like nausea and vomiting.
Immunotherapy: This uses your immune system to fight cancer cells. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy involves versions of your immune T cells that have had their genes changed to attach to cancer cells.
HDAC inhibitors: These drugs stop multiple myeloma cells from making too much of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) protein, which helps malignant cells quickly grow and divide.
Monoclonal antibodies: These immunotherapy drugs help your immune system fight cancer. They bring antibodies into your body to target specific proteins on multiple myeloma cells.
Chemotherapy: These drugs treat cancer by killing cells that are in the process of dividing. They also kill healthy cells around them, which causes unpleasant side effects.
Stem cell transplants: There are two types of stem cell transplant for multiple myeloma:
- Autologous stem cell transplant, which uses your stem cells
- Allogeneic stem cell transplant, which uses cells from a donor. The latter is less common because of the risk of rejection.
You usually get the transplant along with chemotherapy.
Radiation: This treatment uses high-energy particles, or rays, to damage cancer cells and prevent them from growing. You get it from a machine that sends high-energy rays into your body.
Adjunctive care: These treatments help manage the side effects of medications and complications of multiple myeloma.
Supportive care: These treatments can make life with multiple myeloma easier. They include physical therapy, nutritional counseling, massage, exercise, and more.
Hospice care: When your condition no longer responds to medication, this option will provide pain and symptom management to keep you as comfortable as possible.